Parts of a Beef Cow Definition
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature or most mature cattle is mostly known equally beef. In beef production there are three principal stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production bicycle of the animals beginning at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to brood cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers. While the principal apply of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef past-products used in processed, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Calving and breeding [edit]
Besides breeding to see the demand for beef production, owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example of a desired trait could be leaner meat[ane] or resistance to illness.[ii] Breeds known as dual-purpose are also used for beef production. These breeds have been selected for two purposes at in one case, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beef and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of India such as Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose as well. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime example. Not merely are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, but in the past they were likewise used for draught. Yet, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into ii groups through selective breeding.[3]
Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a balderdash is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days later the calving flow, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If information technology was a cow'south offset time calving, she will take longer to re-brood by at least 10 days.[4] However, beefiness cattle tin also be bred through artificial insemination,[one] depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summertime and so that calving may occur the following spring.[1] Yet, cattle breeding tin occur at other times of year. Depending on the performance, calving may occur all yr round. Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities.[ane]
There are many factors that come into play when selecting for a bull. Some of the most of import factors are disease prevention/spread. Ownership a bull who hasn't been tested for common diseases is a risk, it would more than likely transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that volition improve the original herd rather than remaining the same or decreasing. Some breed for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat backdrop, etc. Breeding Soundness Exam or BSE are essential to the quality of whatsoever bull, a full general physical examination and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity.[v] Knowing more data about the brute will help make an educated decision.
Cattle maintenance [edit]
Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress surround for their herds, involving abiding safety, health, condolement, nourishment and humane handling. Co-ordinate to the Canadian National Subcontract Brute Care Council, beef cattle must accept access to shelter from extreme weather, safe handling and equipment, veterinary intendance and humane slaughter.[6] If an creature is infected or suspected to have an illness, it is the responsibility of the owners to written report it immediately to a practicing veterinarian for either treatment or euthanasia.[7] Depending on a multitude of factors (flavor, type of production system, stocking density, etc.), illness and disease tin spread rapidly through the herd from fauna to animal.[eight] Owners are expected to monitor their cattle's condition regularly for early detection and treatment, equally some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and human health (known equally zoonotic)[vi] every bit witnessed with Mad cow disease and Tuberculosis.
On average, cattle will consume 1.four to iv% of their body weight daily.[ix] There are a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the U.s.a., Nutrient Requirements of Beefiness Cattle, has been through eight editions over at least 70 years.[ten] The 1996 7th edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the sixth edition'southward crude protein.[11] [12] In the 20th century, Canadian practice followed the American guidance.[13] Already in 1970, the Food and Drug Assistants was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such as hormones and prophylactic antibiotics.[14]
Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore only experience fresh grass, these are typically moo-cow-dogie operations in more tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that contain more grain than the pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture but the animals abound faster with the higher protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their nutrition, silage, hay and/or haylage are all viable feed options.[xv] Despite this 3/4th of the 32 pounds (fourteen.52 kg) of feed cattle consume each day will exist corn.[16] Cattle weighing yard lbs. volition drink an average of 41 L a twenty-four hour period, and approximately 82 Fifty in hot weather condition.[17] They demand a constant supply of good quality feed and potable water according to the 5 Freedoms of Creature Welfare.[18]
Most Beefiness cattle are finished in feedlots. The outset feedlots were constructed in the early on 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew so big they warranted a new designation, "Full-bodied Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Almost American beef cattle spend the terminal half of their lives in a CAFO.[sixteen]
Cattle processing [edit]
A steer that weighs 1,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg), once the blood, head, feet, skin, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is and so hung in a cold room for between one and iv weeks, during which fourth dimension it loses some weight equally water dries from the meat. Information technology is so deboned and cut by a butcher or packing business firm, the carcass would make about 430 lb (200 kg) of beef.[19] Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, there is a scale of marbled meat used to determine the quality. Marbling is the fatty that is within the muscle, non around it. The more marbled a cutting is, the higher it will grade and exist worth more.[xx]
Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter treatment, how the fauna is treated before information technology is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this fourth dimension tin can cause adverse effects on the meat, water access and lower stocking densities have been allowed to minimize this. Notwithstanding, access to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the brute is restrained in a chute so movement is limited. Once restrained the brute tin can be stunned in one of 3 methods: penetrating captive bolt, non-penetrating convict bolt and gunshot. Well-nigh abattoirs utilize captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the brute feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The final step is slaughtering, typically the animal will exist hung by its back leg and its throat will be slit to allow exsanguination. The hide volition be removed for further processing at this signal and the fauna will be broken downwards with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cutting.[21]
Breeds [edit]
| Brood | Origin | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptaur | Australia | A tropically adjusted Bos taurus breed, adult from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns. |
| Afrikaner cattle | South Africa | Afrikaners are normally deep red or black with long spreading horns. They have the small cervico-thoracic hump typical of Sanga cattle. |
| Aberdeen Angus | Scotland | Pure black, sometimes with white at udder. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Australian Braford | Australia | Developed for resistance to ticks and for oestrus tolerance by crossing Brahmans and Herefords. |
| Australian Brangus | Australia | Polled breed adult by crossing Angus and Brahman |
| Australian Charbray | Australia | Developed by crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases. |
| Barzona | Usa (Arizona) | Developed in the high desert, inter-mountain region of Arizona. |
| Beefalo | U.s.a. | Hybrid between a cow and an American bison. |
| Beef Shorthorn | England and Scotland | Suitable for both dairy and beefiness. |
| Beefmaster | United States (Texas) | Adult by breeding the Brahman, Shorthorn, and Hereford. |
| Belgian Blue | Belgium | Grey roan, or white with grey on caput. Extremely muscular (double muscled). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Belmont Cherry-red | Australia | A composite brood using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn |
| Belted Galloway | Scotland | Black with white band around middle, stocky, fairly long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Black Hereford | Great Britain | A crossbreed produced past crossing a Hereford bull with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beef offspring from dairy cows. Not maintained equally a separate brood, although females may be used for further breeding with other beefiness bulls. |
| Blonde d'Aquitaine | France | Pale brown, paler round eyes and nose. Muscular. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Bonsmara | Due south Africa | Developed from 10/sixteen Afrikaner, 3/16 Hereford and 3/sixteen Shorthorn cattle. |
| Boran | East Africa (Ethiopia-Republic of kenya) | Usually white, with the bulls being darker (sometimes nigh black). |
| Brahman | India | Large, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders. |
| Brangus | The states | Developed by crossing Angus and Brahman. |
| British White | Great Britain | White torso, with blackness (or sometimes ruddy) ears, nose and feet; polled (hornless). Hardy and thrifty. |
| Caracu | Brazil | |
| Charolais | French republic | Wholly white or cream, lyre-shaped stake horns, or polled. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Chianina | Italy | Dual-purpose, originally large draft brood, later selected for beef. |
| Corriente | Mexico | Hardy, minor, athletic, criollo-type, descended from Iberian cattle. Used in rodeo sports, noted for lean meat. Short horns, various colors, frequently spotted. Also called Criollo or Chinampo. |
| Crioulo Lageano | Iberian Peninsula | 400-year-sometime longhorn breed with around 700 individuals that live close to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
| Dairy Shorthorn | United Kingdom | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Dexter | Republic of ireland | Very small, black or dun, nighttime horns. Sometimes has a dwarfing gene, leading to very short legs. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Droughtmaster | Commonwealth of australia | Developed past crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, especially the Beef Shorthorn. Tolerant of estrus and ticks. |
| English language Longhorn | England | Red or brindle, with white dorsum and belly. Very long cylindrical horns usually spreading sideways or downwards, oft curving and even eventually making a circle. Medium size, hardy. |
| Fleckvieh | Switzerland | Blood-red pied or solid red, polled or horned. Sturdy dual-purpose for beefiness and dairy. Formerly triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Florida Cracker cattle | United States | Modest, criollo-blazon descended from cattle brought to the Southern U.S. by the Spanish conquistadors. Adapted to subtropical climate, parasite-resistant. An endangered breed. |
| Galloway | Scotland | Black, stocky, fairly long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Gascon cattle | France | Grey, hardy, maternal brood. Good growth and conformation of calves. Suitable for all farming systems, bred pure or crossed with a terminal sire. |
| Gelbvieh | Frg | Red, stiff pare pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth rate of calves.[22] |
| Hanwoo | Korea | |
| Hérens | Switzerland | |
| Hereford | England | Red, white head, white finching on neck, and white switch. |
| Highland | Scotland | Small-scale, stocky; blackness, red, dun or white. Very long glaze and very long pale horns, upswept in cows and steers. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Hungarian Grayness | Hungary | Robust, easy-calving and long-lived. Horns long, curved and directed upward. Slender and alpine. Well-adapted to all-encompassing pasture systems. |
| Irish Moiled | Ireland | Red with white dorsum and belly, or white with cherry ears, nose and feet. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Jabres | Central Java, Indonesia | Colors varied from low-cal brown to nighttime brown with a black stripe spans from back to tail. |
| Japanese Shorthorn | Japan | A breed of small beef cattle. |
| Limousin | Limousin and Marche regions of French republic | Mid-chocolate-brown, paler circular eyes and nose. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Lincoln Ruddy | England | |
| Lowline | Australia | Developed by selectively breeding small Angus cattle. |
| Luing | Luing and surrounding Inner Hebrides, Scotland | Rough coat, red-brownish, polled. Bred by crossing Beefiness Shorthorn with Highland. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Madurese | East Java, Indonesia | Small trunk, short legs, reddish xanthous hair. |
| Maine-Anjou | Anjou region in French republic | Cherry-and-white pied, polled, fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Mocho Nacional | Brazil | Polled |
| Murray Gray | S Eastern Australia | Grey or silver polled cattle developed from a roan Shorthorn cow and an Angus balderdash. Easy-intendance versatile cattle that take been exported to many countries. |
| Nelore | Bharat | Exported to Brazil, where it has get a dominant breed. |
| Nguni | South Africa | Extremely hardy breed developed by the Nguni tribes for harsh African conditions. Originally derived from the African Sanga cattle, although quite singled-out. Iii subgroups are recognized: Makhatini, Swazi and Pedi. |
| North Devon | Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England | Cerise, white tail switch, white horns. |
| Piedmontese | Piedmont, Italy | Bred both for beefiness and dairy production; double-muscled. White-coloured and possessing myostatin genes. |
| Pineywoods | Gulf Coast, US | Landrace heritage endangered breed, lean, small, adapted to climate of the Deep S, disease-resistant. Short horns, various colors, often spotted. |
| Pinzgauer | Austria | Indigenous to the Pinz Valley. Dairy cattle in Europe, but well-adapted to drier landscapes of the US, Commonwealth of australia and Due south Africa, where they are kept for beefiness product. Solid ruby-red with very distinctive white blaze from wither, down to tail tip and underside. |
| Cherry Angus | Commonwealth of australia, United states of america | Colour variety of Angus in some countries: solid blood-red. Polled. |
| Ruby Poll | E Anglia in England | Crimson with white switch, polled (hornless), dual-purpose. |
| Crimson Sindhi | Sindh in Islamic republic of pakistan | Red Sindhi cattle are the nearly popular of all zebu dairy breeds. In Pakistan, they are kept for beefiness production or dairy farming. |
| Romagnola | Italian republic | Bred primarily for beef product; often used every bit draught beasts in the past. White or grey with black pigmented skin and upward curving horns. |
| Romosinuano | Colombia | |
| Rubia Gallega | Spain | A breed of cattle native to the autonomous community of Galicia in north-western Kingdom of spain. Information technology is raised mainly for meat. It is distributed throughout Galicia, with about 75% of the population concentrated in the province of Lugo. The glaze may exist ruddy-blond, wheaten, or cinnamon-coloured. |
| Salers | France | Red. Hardy, like shooting fish in a barrel calving. |
| Santa Gertrudis | Southern Texas, US | Developed by crossing reddish Shorthorn and Brahman. |
| Simmental | Western Switzerland | Yellowish-brown, white head. Fast-growing if well-fed. Triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). |
| Shorthorn/Beef Shorthorn | Northern England | Cherry, ruby-red with white dorsum and belly, or white. |
| Foursquare Meater | New South Wales, Australia | Small, greyness or silver, polled; similar to Murray Grey. |
| Sussex | Due south-e England | Rich chestnut reddish with white tail switch and white horns. Also used for draught until the early 20th century. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Tabapuan | Brazil | |
| Tajima | Japan | Black Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beef such as Kobe and Matsuzaka. |
| Texas Longhorn | Usa | Diverse colours, with very long, tapering, upswept horns – extending as much equally 80 inches (2.0 m) tip to tip. Very hardy in dry climates. Light-muscled, so bulls oftentimes used for first-calf heifers. |
| Wagyū | Nippon | Black, horned, and noted for heavy marbling (intramuscular fatty deposition). |
| Welsh Blackness | Wales | Black, white upswept horns with black tips. Hardy. |
| White Park | Neat Uk, Republic of ireland | White, with black (or sometimes red) ears, olfactory organ and feet; white horns with dark tips. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Żubroń | Poland | Hybrid betwixt a cow and a European bison. |
Run into as well [edit]
- Conjugated linoleic acrid
- Listing of cattle breeds
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d "Beefiness Production". University of Guelph, Animal Sciences. Retrieved April six, 2013.
- ^ "Beef Research School: What'due south the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?". RealAgricultureOnline. Retrieved April six, 2013.
- ^ "The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle". Improve Dairy Moo-cow. Retrieved Feb one, 2018.
- ^ "Significant cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate". University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Plant of Agriculture and Natural Resource. Retrieved Feb i, 2018.
- ^ "Overview of Breeding Soundness Exam of the Male". Merck Manual Veterinarian Manual. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ a b "Recommended code of exercise for the intendance and treatment of farm animals: Beef cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ Eadie, Jim (May xvi, 2017). "Code of Practise for the Care and Handling of Beefiness Cattle". Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved May xxx, 2020.
- ^ "Code of practise for the care and handling of beef cattle: Review of scientific research on priority issues" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "How much feed will my cow eat". Ministry building of Agriculture Alberta. Retrieved April half dozen, 2013.
- ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle 8th Revised Edition (2016)"
- ^ uaex.edu: "Beefiness cattle nutrition series - Function iii: Food Requirement Tables", Academy of Arkansas Division of Agriculture publication MP391
- ^ National Research Council (U.Due south.). Subcommittee on Beefiness Cattle Nutrition: "Food requirements of beefiness cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"
- ^ world wide web.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef Cattle", p.2 of the 1991 edition
- ^ [https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. G (1970): "Beefiness cattle feeding suggestions : food requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agronomics, Cooperative Extension Service
- ^ "Feeding Beef Cattle: Tips for a Salubrious, Pasture-Based Nutrition". Mother Earth News. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ a b Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.
- ^ "Beef Cattle: The codes of practice" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "5 Freedoms of Creature Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "1000 lb. steer to 610 lbs. beef". Oklahoma Nutrient Safety Partition. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "What is Marbling in Meat?". The Spruce. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock". Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
External links [edit]
- Oklahoma State University pages virtually cattle breeds.
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle
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